| (Pre - Production, Production, Post | | | | cost of a producation.On-line editing : The |
| Production, Motion Capture, New | | | | steps during the edit process when the |
| Media)_______________________________________ | | | | compilation of final program is done. When |
| ________________________________A) Pre - | | | | affordable, this is done in a professional |
| ProductionScene: A scene or script is a | | | | edit suite with high quality equipment. If |
| numbered part of a film script, which may be | | | | off-line editing had been done, the edit |
| broken down into parts in longshot, | | | | decision list from that phase guides the |
| medium-shot, close-up, etc by the director | | | | on-line edit process, typically minimizing |
| when shooting. A master scene is a fairly | | | | the time and cost in the professional edit |
| long length of the script, all under one | | | | suite.Post Production : The phases of |
| number, which the director will certainly | | | | production that occur after the recording, |
| break down later. He or she may, however, | | | | filming, or taping. This includes editing, |
| take the whole of a master scene first, then | | | | mixing, effects, dubbing, compression, |
| shoot closeups of the various characters to | | | | mastering, etc.Render Farm : A group of |
| cut in with this later. In animation the | | | | computers which work together to perform the |
| basic unit of continuous action, usually shot | | | | computation-intensive tasks of 3-D |
| on one background, from which a film is built | | | | rendering.=================================== |
| up.Script: The detailed scene-by-scene | | | | =============================D) Motion |
| instructions for a film or television | | | | CaptureMocap : The process of recording the |
| production, including description of setting | | | | data from human movement so that it can be |
| and action with dialogue and camera | | | | used for 3D characters created on a computer. |
| directions. When the script also has full | | | | Mocap can be used for 3D animations for film, |
| details of visuals it is termed a | | | | TV and games, and for special effects work. |
| 'storyboard'.Storyboard: A form of shooting | | | | There are wireless, magnetic motion capture |
| script common for animated films for many | | | | systems, and optical systems, which track |
| years and now usually used for commercials, | | | | markers attached to the animator.Performance |
| even live-action ones. It consists of a | | | | Capture : The recording of a performance, |
| series of sketches showing key positions for | | | | either human or animal, using a Motion |
| every scene, with dialogue and descriptive | | | | Capture system (or similar technology) - |
| notes below. Still used in | | | | difference being that you can motion capture |
| animation.=================================== | | | | a table, but it is cannot give a performance. |
| =============================B) Production2D | | | | Special Effects Blue (or Green)Screen : A |
| Animation: The creation of moving pictures in | | | | system that replaces a specified colour (blue |
| a two-dimensional environment, such as | | | | in this case) with images from another |
| through "traditional" cel animation or in | | | | source. This can either be done optically |
| computerized animation software. This is done | | | | (eg. using film) or electronically (eg. in |
| by sequencing consecutive images, or | | | | video, also known as Chroma-Key in video). |
| "frames", that simulate motion by each image | | | | Some computer systems look at pixel in the |
| showing the next in a gradual progression of | | | | scene and determine whether to replace that |
| steps. The eye can be "fooled" into | | | | pixel with the other video source. Better |
| perceiving motion when these consecutive | | | | computer systems allow 'some' of the colour |
| images are shown at a rate of 24 frames per | | | | of the pixel from 1 image and 'some' from |
| second or faster. 3DAnimation: | | | | another image. The better systems could be |
| | | | take transparent objects (eg. bottles) or |
| The creation of moving pictures in a | | | | smoke and combine these with the images from |
| three-dimensional digital environment. This | | | | another source.Chroma-Key : Keying out parts |
| is done by sequencing consecutive images, or | | | | of an image which contain a particular colour |
| "frames", that simulate motion by each image | | | | (or colours). Eg. replacing a blue or green |
| showing the next in a gradual progression of | | | | background with images from another |
| steps, filmed by a virtual "camera" and then | | | | source.Composite : To combine two or more |
| output to video by a rendering engine. The | | | | individual images onto one piece of film by |
| eye can be "fooled" into perceiving motion | | | | photographic or digital means. Early |
| when these consecutive images are shown at a | | | | compositing was accomplished in the camera by |
| rate of 24 frames per second or | | | | masking part of the scene when filming, |
| faster.Character animation: The art of making | | | | rewinding the film and removing the matte and |
| an animated figure move like a unique | | | | shooting again to expose the previously |
| individual; sometimes described as acting | | | | masked portion. Digital compositing is |
| through drawings. The animator must | | | | commonplace, in which multiple film images |
| "understand how the character's personality | | | | are scanned into the computer, combined |
| and body structure will be reflected in its | | | | digitally, and output to a single piece of |
| movements.Character model: A sheet of | | | | film.Motion Control : Controling the motion |
| drawings defining the proportions, shape, | | | | of a camera or special effects object (eg. |
| clothing etc. of a character for the guidance | | | | model space ship etc), using commands from a |
| of animators.Computer animation: The | | | | computer, so that the exact moves can be |
| technique of using computers to generate | | | | repeated as many times. This makes it easy to |
| moving pictures. Some systems can achieve | | | | composite it (ie.combine it with another |
| this in real-time (25 frames per second-or in | | | | shot).Rotoscoping : Drawing around something |
| the USA 30fps), but the majority of animation | | | | in the frame so that an effect can be applied |
| is created one frame at a time and then | | | | to that part of the film. If an animated |
| edited into a continuous sequence. Very | | | | creature has to go behind something in the |
| sophisticated programs are required to | | | | live action piece of film, that object can be |
| perform the tasks of movement, fairing, | | | | drawn around so a matte can be created, so |
| perspective, hidden-surface removal, | | | | that the createure will not show over the top |
| colouring, shading and illumination, and as | | | | of that object. If the camera is moving, then |
| the trend increases towards more realistic | | | | each frame of film would have to be |
| images, faster computers are needed to | | | | rotoscoped. If the camera is still, then the |
| process the millions of computations required | | | | same matte can probably be used for all |
| for each frame. The term "computer animation" | | | | frames in that shot. Rotoscoping was first |
| covers a broad range of subjects, but overall | | | | used by the Fleischers for making cartoons. |
| can be defined as the creation of moving | | | | The Fleischers invented the Rotoscope, which |
| images through the use of computers. These | | | | is a device for projecting live-action film |
| images can be created in either a | | | | on to paper frame by frame, so that the |
| two-dimensional or three-dimensional space, | | | | outline could be traced and used as a guide |
| and can be applied to web design, user | | | | for the animation. The Rotoscope consists of |
| interface design, application development, | | | | an animation camera and a light source |
| video games, movies, special effects, | | | | (usually using a prism behind the movement |
| cartooning, and many others.Computer | | | | and the lamp house attached to the camera's |
| graphics: Charts, diagrams, drawings and | | | | open door) that projects a print through the |
| other pictorial representations that are | | | | camera's lense and the projected image is |
| computer generated.Effects animation: The | | | | then traced to create a matte. The lamp house |
| animation of non-character movements such as | | | | is then removed and the raw stock placed in |
| rain, smoke, lightning, water, etc.Go-Motion: | | | | the camera and the drawings are filmed |
| Similar to 'Stop-Motion', but the animation | | | | through the same lense that projected the |
| is produced by rods attached to the pupet | | | | image. The resulting image will then fit the |
| creature, which can be programmed by a | | | | original image if the two strips of film are |
| computer to perform the required movement. | | | | run bi-packed in the same projector movment |
| The advantage over stop-motion is that a lot | | | | (using an optical printer). In digital film |
| more realistic movement can be created, | | | | effects work, rotoscoping refers to any drawn |
| because the puppet/creature blurs slightly | | | | matte, as both images can be seen compisited |
| between each frame. The disadvantage is that | | | | while the matte is being drawn, so good |
| the rods attached to the creature need to be | | | | results can be achieved.Virtual Sets : Sets |
| hidden from view (e.g. using the blue-screen | | | | which are generated (at least partially) from |
| process)In Between: The paper drawing of a | | | | data within a computer. Mostly used for TV |
| figure that lies in sequence between two key | | | | work, these systems replace the real set (eg. |
| positions drawn by an animator.Key frame | | | | an empty studio) with a computer generated |
| animation: The animator 'draws' directly onto | | | | set, allowing the actor/presenter to move in |
| the CRT display and produces a basic picture | | | | the foreground. eg. the background is 'keyed |
| or cell. A number of these drawings can then | | | | out' and replaced with the set which has been |
| be superimposed on one another to form a | | | | created in a 3D package (eg. Softimage or 3D |
| composite cell or key frame. Many of these | | | | Studio Max), and any camera movements will be |
| key frames can be made up and stored in the | | | | duplicated by the 'virtual camera'. This will |
| computer to be called up and used as | | | | require a powerful computer, especially if it |
| required. The action of the film can be | | | | is to be done in real-time, for example a |
| created by stringing together the series of | | | | Silicon Graphics machine. The method of |
| key frames, and introducing the desired | | | | keeping track of the camera movement (so that |
| movements between one frame and the next. | | | | it can be duplicated in the 3D computer set) |
| Each key frame can be used over and over | | | | is different for the various sytems. Some |
| again by simply calling it repeatedly from | | | | systems use a blue grid painted on the back |
| the computer score.Stop-Motion Animation: | | | | wall of a studio of a known size. A red LED |
| Moving a special effects puppet or model | | | | is projected onto the cameras and the actor |
| creature a small amount and recording a | | | | presenter so that they too can be tracked |
| single frame (or small number of frames) so | | | | throughout the set.Visual effects (also |
| that when the film is played back at a normal | | | | called optical or photographic effects) : |
| speed it appears to move. The disadvantage | | | | Special effects achieved with the aid of |
| with this form of animation is that it can | | | | photographic or digital technology, occurring |
| sometimes appear to 'strobe', partly due to | | | | after the principal photography, or main |
| the lack of blur between the | | | | shooting, of a film. Includes miniatures, |
| frames.Three-dimensional modeling: | | | | optical and digital effects, matte paintings, |
| Geometrical descriptions of an object using | | | | stop-motion animation, and computer-generated |
| polygons or solids in three dimensions (x,y,z | | | | imagery (CGI).Wire Removal : Removal of |
| coordinates) for the purpose of creating the | | | | unwanted wires, rods, etc. from a piece of |
| illusion of height, width and depth. | | | | film by replacing them with what would have |
| | | | been seen if they weren't there (eg. the |
| C) Post ProductionEdit : The process of | | | | background). This can be done by replacing |
| assembling video clips, audio tracks, | | | | them with the same area from another frame in |
| graphics and other source marerial into a | | | | which the wires/rods were not visible, or by |
| presentable package.Off-Line Edit : A "draft" | | | | averaging the colours on either side of the |
| edit, usually prepared in an off-line edit | | | | wire and replacing it with the |
| suite (at a lower cost), then taken to an | | | | average.===================================== |
| on-line facility to make the final | | | | ===========================E) New MediaA |
| cut.On-Line Edit : The final version of an | | | | generic term for the many different forms of |
| edit, prepared in a professional edit | | | | electronic communication that are made |
| facility.Non-linear editing : An approach to | | | | possible through the use of computer |
| video editing made possible by digital video | | | | technology. The term is in relation to "old" |
| recordings. As in word processing, video | | | | media forms, such as print newspapers and |
| segments can be inserted between two existing | | | | magazines, that are static representations of |
| segments without erasing either. Unlike the | | | | text and graphics. New media includes:* Web |
| approach required when editing analog video , | | | | sites* streaming audio and video* chat |
| segments do not need to "laid down" in the | | | | rooms* e-mail* online communities* Web |
| sequence in which they will later be | | | | advertising* DVD and CD-ROM media* virtual |
| shown.Off-line editing : The steps during the | | | | reality environments* integration of digital |
| edit process when a preliminary selection of | | | | data with the telephone, such as Internet |
| usable shots and scenes is made, and the | | | | telephony* digital cameras* mobile |
| tentative sequence of these elements is | | | | computingUse of the term new media implies |
| decided. This process is typically done with | | | | that the data communication is happening |
| lower cost, simpler editing equipment than is | | | | between desktop and laptop computers and |
| found in a professional edit suite (where | | | | handhelds , such as PDAs , and the media they |
| on-line editing is done). Using off-line | | | | take data from, such as compact discs. |
| editing can significantly reduce the total | | | | |