| (Pre - Production, Production, Post Production, Motion | | | | program is done. When affordable, this is done in a |
| Capture, New | | | | professional edit suite with high quality equipment. If |
| _A) Pre - ProductionScene: A scene or script is a | | | | off-line editing had been done, the edit decision list |
| numbered part of a film script, which may be broken | | | | from that phase guides the on-line edit process, |
| down into parts in longshot, medium-shot, close-up, | | | | typically minimizing the time and cost in the |
| etc by the director when shooting. A master scene is | | | | professional edit suite.Post Production : The phases |
| a fairly long length of the script, all under one number, | | | | of production that occur after the recording, filming, |
| which the director will certainly break down later. He | | | | or taping. This includes editing, mixing, effects, |
| or she may, however, take the whole of a master | | | | dubbing, compression, mastering, etc.Render Farm : A |
| scene first, then shoot closeups of the various | | | | group of computers which work together to perform |
| characters to cut in with this later. In animation the | | | | the computation-intensive tasks of 3-D |
| basic unit of continuous action, usually shot on one | | | | ================================D) |
| background, from which a film is built up.Script: The | | | | Motion CaptureMocap : The process of recording the |
| detailed scene-by-scene instructions for a film or | | | | data from human movement so that it can be used |
| television production, including description of setting | | | | for 3D characters created on a computer. Mocap can |
| and action with dialogue and camera directions. When | | | | be used for 3D animations for film, TV and games, |
| the script also has full details of visuals it is termed a | | | | and for special effects work. There are wireless, |
| 'storyboard'.Storyboard: A form of shooting script | | | | magnetic motion capture systems, and optical |
| common for animated films for many years and now | | | | systems, which track markers attached to the |
| usually used for commercials, even live-action ones. It | | | | animator.Performance Capture : The recording of a |
| consists of a series of sketches showing key | | | | performance, either human or animal, using a Motion |
| positions for every scene, with dialogue and | | | | Capture system (or similar technology) - difference |
| descriptive notes below. Still used in | | | | being that you can motion capture a table, but it is |
| ================================B) | | | | cannot give a performance. Special Effects Blue (or |
| Production2D Animation: The creation of moving | | | | Green)Screen : A system that replaces a specified |
| pictures in a two-dimensional environment, such as | | | | colour (blue in this case) with images from another |
| through "traditional" cel animation or in computerized | | | | source. This can either be done optically (eg. using |
| animation software. This is done by sequencing | | | | film) or electronically (eg. in video, also known as |
| consecutive images, or "frames", that simulate motion | | | | Chroma-Key in video). Some computer systems look |
| by each image showing the next in a gradual | | | | at pixel in the scene and determine whether to |
| progression of steps. The eye can be "fooled" into | | | | replace that pixel with the other video source. Better |
| perceiving motion when these consecutive images | | | | computer systems allow 'some' of the colour of the |
| are shown at a rate of 24 frames per second or | | | | pixel from 1 image and 'some' from another image. |
| faster. 3DAnimation: | | | | The better systems could be take transparent |
| The creation of moving pictures in a | | | | objects (eg. bottles) or smoke and combine these |
| three-dimensional digital environment. This is done by | | | | with the images from another source.Chroma-Key : |
| sequencing consecutive images, or "frames", that | | | | Keying out parts of an image which contain a |
| simulate motion by each image showing the next in a | | | | particular colour (or colours). Eg. replacing a blue or |
| gradual progression of steps, filmed by a virtual | | | | green background with images from another |
| "camera" and then output to video by a rendering | | | | source.Composite : To combine two or more |
| engine. The eye can be "fooled" into perceiving | | | | individual images onto one piece of film by |
| motion when these consecutive images are shown at | | | | photographic or digital means. Early compositing was |
| a rate of 24 frames per second or faster.Character | | | | accomplished in the camera by masking part of the |
| animation: The art of making an animated figure | | | | scene when filming, rewinding the film and removing |
| move like a unique individual; sometimes described as | | | | the matte and shooting again to expose the |
| acting through drawings. The animator must | | | | previously masked portion. Digital compositing is |
| "understand how the character's personality and body | | | | commonplace, in which multiple film images are |
| structure will be reflected in its movements.Character | | | | scanned into the computer, combined digitally, and |
| model: A sheet of drawings defining the proportions, | | | | output to a single piece of film.Motion Control : |
| shape, clothing etc. of a character for the guidance | | | | Controling the motion of a camera or special effects |
| of animators.Computer animation: The technique of | | | | object (eg. model space ship etc), using commands |
| using computers to generate moving pictures. Some | | | | from a computer, so that the exact moves can be |
| systems can achieve this in real-time (25 frames per | | | | repeated as many times. This makes it easy to |
| second-or in the USA 30fps), but the majority of | | | | composite it (ie.combine it with another |
| animation is created one frame at a time and then | | | | shot).Rotoscoping : Drawing around something in the |
| edited into a continuous sequence. Very sophisticated | | | | frame so that an effect can be applied to that part |
| programs are required to perform the tasks of | | | | of the film. If an animated creature has to go behind |
| movement, fairing, perspective, hidden-surface | | | | something in the live action piece of film, that object |
| removal, colouring, shading and illumination, and as the | | | | can be drawn around so a matte can be created, so |
| trend increases towards more realistic images, faster | | | | that the createure will not show over the top of that |
| computers are needed to process the millions of | | | | object. If the camera is moving, then each frame of |
| computations required for each frame. The term | | | | film would have to be rotoscoped. If the camera is |
| "computer animation" covers a broad range of | | | | still, then the same matte can probably be used for |
| subjects, but overall can be defined as the creation | | | | all frames in that shot. Rotoscoping was first used by |
| of moving images through the use of computers. | | | | the Fleischers for making cartoons. The Fleischers |
| These images can be created in either a | | | | invented the Rotoscope, which is a device for |
| two-dimensional or three-dimensional space, and can | | | | projecting live-action film on to paper frame by |
| be applied to web design, user interface design, | | | | frame, so that the outline could be traced and used |
| application development, video games, movies, special | | | | as a guide for the animation. The Rotoscope consists |
| effects, cartooning, and many others.Computer | | | | of an animation camera and a light source (usually |
| graphics: Charts, diagrams, drawings and other | | | | using a prism behind the movement and the lamp |
| pictorial representations that are computer | | | | house attached to the camera's open door) that |
| generated.Effects animation: The animation of | | | | projects a print through the camera's lense and the |
| non-character movements such as rain, smoke, | | | | projected image is then traced to create a matte. |
| lightning, water, etc.Go-Motion: Similar to 'Stop-Motion', | | | | The lamp house is then removed and the raw stock |
| but the animation is produced by rods attached to | | | | placed in the camera and the drawings are filmed |
| the pupet/creature, which can be programmed by a | | | | through the same lense that projected the image. |
| computer to perform the required movement. The | | | | The resulting image will then fit the original image if |
| advantage over stop-motion is that a lot more | | | | the two strips of film are run bi-packed in the same |
| realistic movement can be created, because the | | | | projector movment (using an optical printer). In digital |
| puppet/creature blurs slightly between each frame. | | | | film effects work, rotoscoping refers to any drawn |
| The disadvantage is that the rods attached to the | | | | matte, as both images can be seen compisited while |
| creature need to be hidden from view (e.g. using the | | | | the matte is being drawn, so good results can be |
| blue-screen process)In Between: The paper drawing | | | | achieved.Virtual Sets : Sets which are generated (at |
| of a figure that lies in sequence between two key | | | | least partially) from data within a computer. Mostly |
| positions drawn by an animator.Key frame animation: | | | | used for TV work, these systems replace the real |
| The animator 'draws' directly onto the CRT display | | | | set (eg. an empty studio) with a computer generated |
| and produces a basic picture or cell. A number of | | | | set, allowing the actor/presenter to move in the |
| these drawings can then be superimposed on one | | | | foreground. eg. the background is 'keyed out' and |
| another to form a composite cell or key frame. Many | | | | replaced with the set which has been created in a 3D |
| of these key frames can be made up and stored in | | | | package (eg. Softimage or 3D Studio Max), and any |
| the computer to be called up and used as required. | | | | camera movements will be duplicated by the 'virtual |
| The action of the film can be created by stringing | | | | camera'. This will require a powerful computer, |
| together the series of key frames, and introducing | | | | especially if it is to be done in real-time, for example |
| the desired movements between one frame and the | | | | a Silicon Graphics machine. The method of keeping |
| next. Each key frame can be used over and over | | | | track of the camera movement (so that it can be |
| again by simply calling it repeatedly from the | | | | duplicated in the 3D computer set) is different for |
| computer score.Stop-Motion Animation: Moving a | | | | the various sytems. Some systems use a blue grid |
| special effects puppet or model/creature a small | | | | painted on the back wall of a studio of a known size. |
| amount and recording a single frame (or small number | | | | A red LED is projected onto the cameras and the |
| of frames) so that when the film is played back at a | | | | actor/presenter so that they too can be tracked |
| normal speed it appears to move. The disadvantage | | | | throughout the set.Visual effects (also called optical |
| with this form of animation is that it can sometimes | | | | or photographic effects) : Special effects achieved |
| appear to 'strobe', partly due to the lack of blur | | | | with the aid of photographic or digital technology, |
| between the frames.Three-dimensional modeling: | | | | occurring after the principal photography, or main |
| Geometrical descriptions of an object using polygons | | | | shooting, of a film. Includes miniatures, optical and |
| or solids in three dimensions (x,y,z coordinates) for | | | | digital effects, matte paintings, stop-motion animation, |
| the purpose of creating the illusion of height, width | | | | and computer-generated imagery (CGI).Wire Removal |
| and depth. | | | | : Removal of unwanted wires, rods, etc. from a piece |
| C) Post ProductionEdit : The process of assembling | | | | of film by replacing them with what would have been |
| video clips, audio tracks, graphics and other source | | | | seen if they weren't there (eg. the background). This |
| marerial into a presentable package.Off-Line Edit : A | | | | can be done by replacing them with the same area |
| "draft" edit, usually prepared in an off-line edit suite | | | | from another frame in which the wires/rods were |
| (at a lower cost), then taken to an on-line facility to | | | | not visible, or by averaging the colours on either side |
| make the final cut.On-Line Edit : The final version of | | | | of the wire and replacing it with the |
| an edit, prepared in a professional edit | | | | ================================E) New |
| facility.Non-linear editing : An approach to video editing | | | | MediaA generic term for the many different forms of |
| made possible by digital video recordings. As in word | | | | electronic communication that are made possible |
| processing, video segments can be inserted between | | | | through the use of computer technology. The term is |
| two existing segments without erasing either. Unlike | | | | in relation to "old" media forms, such as print |
| the approach required when editing analog video , | | | | newspapers and magazines, that are static |
| segments do not need to "laid down" in the | | | | representations of text and graphics. New media |
| sequence in which they will later be shown.Off-line | | | | includes:* Web sites* streaming audio and video* |
| editing : The steps during the edit process when a | | | | chat rooms* e-mail* online communities* Web |
| preliminary selection of usable shots and scenes is | | | | advertising* DVD and CD-ROM media* virtual reality |
| made, and the tentative sequence of these elements | | | | environments* integration of digital data with the |
| is decided. This process is typically done with lower | | | | telephone, such as Internet telephony* digital |
| cost, simpler editing equipment than is found in a | | | | cameras* mobile computingUse of the term new |
| professional edit suite (where on-line editing is done). | | | | media implies that the data communication is |
| Using off-line editing can significantly reduce the total | | | | happening between desktop and laptop computers |
| cost of a producation.On-line editing : The steps | | | | and handhelds , such as PDAs , and the media they |
| during the edit process when the compilation of final | | | | take data from, such as compact discs. |